目的：尽管机器学习模型有潜力，但缺乏普遍性阻碍了他们在临床实践中的广泛采用。我们研究了三个方法论陷阱：（1）违反独立性假设，（2）具有不适当的性能指标或基线进行比较的模型评估，以及（3）批次效应。材料和方法：使用几个回顾性数据集，我们在有或没有陷阱的情况下实现机器学习模型，以定量说明这些陷阱对模型通用性的影响。结果：更具体地说，违反独立假设，在将数据分别分为火车，验证和测试集中，在预测局部恢复和预测局部恢复和表面上，将数据分别划分为火车，验证和测试集，在将数据分别分为火车，验证和测试集中，在F1分别误导和表面上获得误解和表面收益，从而违反独立假设。预测头颈癌的3年总生存期以及46.0％的总体生存率为5.0％，从而区分肺癌的组织病理学模式。此外，在培训，验证和测试集中为受试者分发数据点导致F1分数的表面增长21.8％。此外，我们展示了绩效指标选择和基线的重要性。在存在批处理效应的情况下，为肺炎检测而建立的模型导致F1得分为98.7％。但是，当将同一模型应用于正常患者的新数据集时，仅正确地将3.86％的样品分类。结论：这些方法上的陷阱无法使用内部模型评估来捕获，这种模型的不准确预测可能会导致错误的结论和解释。因此，对于开发可推广的模型是必要的，理解和避免这些陷阱是必要的。

在医学图像处理的领域中，医疗设备制造商在许多情况下通过仅运输编译软件来保护他们的知识产权，即可以执行的二进制代码，但难以通过潜在的攻击者理解。在本文中，我们研究了该过程能够保护图像处理算法的程度如何。特别是，我们研究了从双能量CT数据的单能量图像和碘映射的计算是否可以通过机器学习方法反向设计。我们的结果表明，两者只能在所有研究中以非常高的精度使用一个单片图像作为训练数据，以非常高的精度，在所有调查的情况下，结构相似度大于0.98。

Compared to regular cameras, Dynamic Vision Sensors or Event Cameras can output compact visual data based on a change in the intensity in each pixel location asynchronously. In this paper, we study the application of current image-based SLAM techniques to these novel sensors. To this end, the information in adaptively selected event windows is processed to form motion-compensated images. These images are then used to reconstruct the scene and estimate the 6-DOF pose of the camera. We also propose an inertial version of the event-only pipeline to assess its capabilities. We compare the results of different configurations of the proposed algorithm against the ground truth for sequences of two publicly available event datasets. We also compare the results of the proposed event-inertial pipeline with the state-of-the-art and show it can produce comparable or more accurate results provided the map estimate is reliable.

The purpose of this work was to tackle practical issues which arise when using a tendon-driven robotic manipulator with a long, passive, flexible proximal section in medical applications. A separable robot which overcomes difficulties in actuation and sterilization is introduced, in which the body containing the electronics is reusable and the remainder is disposable. A control input which resolves the redundancy in the kinematics and a physical interpretation of this redundancy are provided. The effect of a static change in the proximal section angle on bending angle error was explored under four testing conditions for a sinusoidal input. Bending angle error increased for increasing proximal section angle for all testing conditions with an average error reduction of 41.48% for retension, 4.28% for hysteresis, and 52.35% for re-tension + hysteresis compensation relative to the baseline case. Two major sources of error in tracking the bending angle were identified: time delay from hysteresis and DC offset from the proximal section angle. Examination of these error sources revealed that the simple hysteresis compensation was most effective for removing time delay and re-tension compensation for removing DC offset, which was the primary source of increasing error. The re-tension compensation was also tested for dynamic changes in the proximal section and reduced error in the final configuration of the tip by 89.14% relative to the baseline case.

Transformers have recently gained attention in the computer vision domain due to their ability to model long-range dependencies. However, the self-attention mechanism, which is the core part of the Transformer model, usually suffers from quadratic computational complexity with respect to the number of tokens. Many architectures attempt to reduce model complexity by limiting the self-attention mechanism to local regions or by redesigning the tokenization process. In this paper, we propose DAE-Former, a novel method that seeks to provide an alternative perspective by efficiently designing the self-attention mechanism. More specifically, we reformulate the self-attention mechanism to capture both spatial and channel relations across the whole feature dimension while staying computationally efficient. Furthermore, we redesign the skip connection path by including the cross-attention module to ensure the feature reusability and enhance the localization power. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on multi-organ cardiac and skin lesion segmentation datasets without requiring pre-training weights. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/mindflow-institue/DAEFormer.

A track-before-detect (TBD) particle filter-based method for detection and tracking of low observable objects based on a sequence of image frames in the presence of noise and clutter is studied. At each time instance after receiving a frame of image, first, some preprocessing approaches are applied to the image. Then, it is sent to the detection and tracking algorithm which is based on a particle filter. Performance of the approach is evaluated for detection and tracking of an object in different scenarios including noise and clutter.

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.

Multi-hop Machine reading comprehension is a challenging task with aim of answering a question based on disjoint pieces of information across the different passages. The evaluation metrics and datasets are a vital part of multi-hop MRC because it is not possible to train and evaluate models without them, also, the proposed challenges by datasets often are an important motivation for improving the existing models. Due to increasing attention to this field, it is necessary and worth reviewing them in detail. This study aims to present a comprehensive survey on recent advances in multi-hop MRC evaluation metrics and datasets. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be presented, then the evaluation metrics based on their multi-hop aspect will be investigated. Also, 15 multi-hop datasets have been reviewed in detail from 2017 to 2022, and a comprehensive analysis has been prepared at the end. Finally, open issues in this field have been discussed.

Regular cameras and cell phones are able to capture limited luminosity. Thus, in terms of quality, most of the produced images from such devices are not similar to the real world. They are overly dark or too bright, and the details are not perfectly visible. Various methods, which fall under the name of High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging, can be utilised to cope with this problem. Their objective is to produce an image with more details. However, unfortunately, most methods for generating an HDR image from Multi-Exposure images only concentrate on how to combine different exposures and do not have any focus on choosing the best details of each image. Therefore, it is strived in this research to extract the most visible areas of each image with the help of image segmentation. Two methods of producing the Ground Truth were considered, as manual threshold and Otsu threshold, and a neural network will be used to train segment these areas. Finally, it will be shown that the neural network is able to segment the visible parts of pictures acceptably.

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been utilized for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks lately. The ability to encode corpus-wide features in graph representation made GNN models popular in various tasks such as document classification. One major shortcoming of such models is that they mainly work on homogeneous graphs, while representing text datasets as graphs requires several node types which leads to a heterogeneous schema. In this paper, we propose a transductive hybrid approach composed of an unsupervised node representation learning model followed by a node classification/edge prediction model. The proposed model is capable of processing heterogeneous graphs to produce unified node embeddings which are then utilized for node classification or link prediction as the downstream task. The proposed model is developed to classify stock market technical analysis reports, which to our knowledge is the first work in this domain. Experiments, which are carried away using a constructed dataset, demonstrate the ability of the model in embedding extraction and the downstream tasks.